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The application of the ecosystem concept in anthropology, particularly environmental anthropology, has been a critical development in understanding human-environment interactions. The ecosystem approach enables anthropologists to conceptualize human societies not as isolated entities but as integral components of larger ecological systems. This framework facilitates a holistic analysis of how human cultural, economic, and social systems interact with the physical environment. Several notable scholars have made significant contributions in applying the ecosystem concept to anthropological studies, drawing insights from biology, ecology, and systems theory. One of the earliest influences was the integration of ecological thinking into anthropology through the work of Julian Steward, who introduced the concept of *cultural ecology* in the 1950s. While Steward’s work predated the formal use of the term “ecosystem” in anthropology, it laid the groundwork by focusing on the adaptation of human societies to their environments. His comparative method emphasized the interplay between environment, technology, and social organization, thus encouraging future scholars to consider systemic relationships in human ecological studies. Building upon this foundation, anthropologists in the 1960s and 1970s began to formally incorporate the ecosystem concept into their analyses. Roy Rappaport’s seminal work, *Pigs for the Ancestors* (1968), is one of the most influential examples. In his study of the Tsembaga Maring people of Papua New Guinea, Rappaport utilized the ecosystem concept to explore how ritual, subsistence agriculture, and pig husbandry maintained ecological balance. He argued that the ritual feasting cycle served to regulate population ___ _________ __________ _____ ____ _______ __________.
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