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Environmental justice, within the framework of environmental anthropology, refers to the equitable distribution of environmental benefits and burdens across all social groups, regardless of race, class, ethnicity, gender, or geographical location. It encompasses the recognition of historically marginalized and vulnerable communities that have borne the brunt of environmental degradation while receiving minimal benefits from environmental resources or protection. Environmental anthropology examines this concept by linking ecological issues to sociocultural, economic, and political structures, highlighting how human-environment interactions are shaped by power relations, cultural values, and historical processes. Environmental justice emerged as a critical response to environmental racism and inequality, particularly in the late 20th century. Movements in the United States during the 1980s, notably among African American and Indigenous communities, highlighted how industrial pollution, hazardous waste disposal, and lack of access to clean air and water disproportionately affected marginalized populations. Environmental anthropologists have since expanded this perspective to global scales, incorporating concerns such as climate justice, indigenous land rights, resource extraction, and global environmental governance. From an environmental anthropological perspective, the concept of environmental justice is not just about the fair distribution of environmental goods and harms, but also about the inclusion of ___ _______ __________ ________ ______ _________ _______ _________ __________.
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