Briefly explain the origin of atomic spectrum. Explain why the atomic spectra are line spectra whereas the molecular spectra are band spectra.

Describe the application of fluorescence measurements in medical diagnosis by taking the example of blood glucose determination.

What is chemiluminescence? Write an analytical application of chemiluminescence in the area of environmental pollution measurement.

The experimental set up for the fluorescence spectral measurement is different from that for the absorption measurement. Comment on the statement. Why do we need to modify the instrumental set up for the fluorescence spectrometer to make phosphorescence measurements?

Explain the origin of fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra in terms of Jablonski diagram. What is meant by fluorescence quenching? How does it affect the quantum yield of a fluorescence emission?

Explain the origin of Raman spectrum in terms of quantum theory of radiation. State the "Rule of mutual exclusion'. What is its significance?

What are monochromators? Describe the working of a grating monochromator. In what way is the standard addition method of calibration in UV-VIS spectrophotometry better than the standard solution method?

The transmittance of a solution, containing 7.3 mg of potassium dichromate per 100 cm³, taken in a cuvette of path length of 1 cm is measured at 455 nm. If the percentage transmittance found to be 6, calculate the molar absorptivity of the oxidizing agent.

Define electromagnetic radiation in terms of the wave mechanical model. State the necessary condition for a molecule to show IR spectrum. Will HCl show IR spectrum?

Discuss the reagents and instruments used for electrophoresis.

Discuss important aspects of Knudsen flow.

What are ion selective electrodes? Explain their use and applications.

Explain the unique features of size exclusion chromatography.

Discuss different types of capacities of an ion exchanger.

Compare the important aspects of GC and HPLC.

List the requirements of a liquid phase used in gas chromatography.

Briefly explain various interaction forces which can aid in GC separation.

Which different factors make the results of TLC difficult to reproduce?

List any ten differences between paper chromatography and thin layer chromatography.

Discuss frontal analysis development technique for liquid column chromatography.