Explain the concept of Abhāva as proposed by the Vaiśeşika school of philosophy.

Discuss Anumāna as a source of knowledge and analyze the Cārvāka objection to recognizing it as a pramāņa.

Discuss the theistic doctrines of Madhvācārya and Rāmānujācārya.

Provide a comprehensive exposition of Sankhya's doctrine of causation.

Analyse the philosophical framework and moral thought reflected in the Mahābhārata.   

Identify one example of how digital platforms use data. Explain how big data supports media communication and discuss one social, ethical, or political concern related to its use.

Choose one example of memes, influencers, fan communities, or short-form videos. Analyse how digital media platforms shape popular culture and reflect social values, trends, or identities in contemporary society.

Identify one digital network you regularly participate in social media group, online community, or platform. Explain how networked communication influences relationships, information sharing, or social organisation, using ideas related to the network society discussed in the course.

Observe two online interactions: one in real time (chat, video call) and one delayed (email, comments). Compare their features and explain how synchronous and asynchronous communication are used in mass and interpersonal communication today.

Select one message or news story you encountered on two or more digital platforms. Analyse how the content and audience engagement strategies differ across platforms.

Consider research using social media posts, online comments, or forum discussions. Identify key ethical issues related to consent, privacy, or representation. Explain one ethical strategy researchers should follow during data collection, analysis, or reporting.

 Identify any website, online news portal, or digital content that has changed or disappeared over time. Explain why web archiving is important for research and discuss one ethical concern related to preserving online content.

Choose one social media platform or online community. Explain how Social Network Analysis can be used to study interactions, connections, or information flow on this platform. Briefly discuss the scope of social media analysis in internet research.

 Select one research topic and identify one primary and one secondary online data source. Analyse the reliability and validity of these sources.

 Identify one media or journalism study that used online sources or digital methods. Explain how internet-mediated research helped the study and briefly note one methodological advantage and one challenge faced by researchers.

 Choose one Indian e-governance initiative. Explain its objectives and its implementation model. Analyse how it affects transparency, service delivery, or citizen participation, and mention one limitation or challenge.

Observe how information and digital technologies shape work, education, or communication today. Explain how these practices reflect features of an Information Society or Knowledge Society, using examples from everyday life or media reports.

 Identify one digital tool or platform used in Indian agriculture. Analyse how it helps farmers access information, markets, or services. Briefly discuss one challenge in adopting such technologies at the grassroots level.

Select one example where digital technologies have influenced economic activity. Explain how ICT supports growth, productivity, or innovation, using national or global examples.

 Identify one ICT-based development initiative you have read about or observed. Trace its background and objectives. Analyse how issues such as access, inclusivity, privacy, or the digital divide affected its outcomes.