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One prominent ICT-based development initiative that has been widely discussed and observed in India is the Aadhaar programme, officially known as the Unique Identification Authority of India initiative. Aadhaar was launched in 2009 with the objective of providing a unique digital identity to every resident of India based on biometric and demographic data. The background of Aadhaar lies in long-standing challenges related to identity verification, leakages in welfare delivery, duplication of beneficiaries, and the exclusion of marginalized populations from government schemes due to lack of formal identification. Before Aadhaar, access to social welfare often depended on paper-based documents that were unevenly distributed, easily forged, or inaccessible to the poor, migrants, and informal workers. The primary objective of Aadhaar was to create a reliable, universal, and verifiable digital identity infrastructure that could support development by improving governance and service delivery. By assigning a 12-digit unique identification number linked to fingerprints, iris scans, and basic demographic information, the programme aimed to enable accurate authentication of individuals anywhere in the country. Aadhaar ______ _________ ______ ________ ________ ___ __________ ______ ____ _______.
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