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Madhvācārya and Rāmānujācārya are two prominent theistic philosophers in Indian philosophy, both belonging to the Vedānta tradition, yet they present distinct and influential interpretations of the relationship between the individual soul (jīva), God (Brahman or Viṣṇu), and the universe. Their theistic doctrines offer profound insights into devotion (bhakti), metaphysics, and the nature of reality, shaping much of later Hindu thought. Rāmānujācārya, who lived in the 11th and 12th centuries CE, is the founder of the Viśiṣṭādvaita Vedānta school, often translated as "qualified non-dualism." According to Rāmānujācārya, Brahman is the supreme personal God, identified with Viṣṇu or Nārāyaṇa, who is both immanent and transcendent. Unlike Advaita Vedānta, which teaches an absolute identity between the individual self (ātman) and Brahman, Rāmānujācārya holds that the individual soul is distinct yet inseparably related to Brahman, much like a mode or attribute is to its substance. This relationship is often illustrated by the analogy of the body and the soul: just as the body depends on the soul for life and function, the universe and individual souls depend on Brahman for their existence and activity. In Viśiṣṭādvaita, __________ ________ _________ _________ __________.
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