Write a note on the territorial expansion of Delhi Sultanate under the
Khaljis.

Or

Give an account of composition of ruling class under the Tughluqs.

The main expansion of the Sultanate took place during the reigns of Ghiyasuddin Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad Tughluq. The campaigns of expansion were along the internal frontier and external frontier.

Campaigns along the internal frontier: These aimed at consolidating the garrison towns of hinterlands. These included clearing of forests in the Ganga-Yamuna doab and expulsion of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists from their habitats. These lands were given to peasants to encourage agriculture. The trade routes were protected and regional trade was promoted by establishing new fortresses and towns.

Campaigns along the external frontier: Military expeditions into southern India that started during the reign of Alauddin Khalji culminated during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq. In their campaigns, elephants, horses and slaves were captured and precious metals were plundered by the Sultanate armies.

The armies of the Delhi Sultanate had conquered a large part of the subcontinent by the end of Muhammad Tughluq's reign. They succeeded in defeating their rivals and seizing many cities. The sultanate collected taxes from the _________ ______ _______ ______ __________ ________ _______ ______ _____ ________ _____ _________.
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