Write a note on the salient features of Indian feudalism. 

Indian feudalism refers to the socio-economic and political system that prevailed in ancient and medieval India. It was characterized by a hierarchical structure, where power and resources were concentrated in the hands of a small ruling elite who controlled land and exercised authority over the lower classes. While there are varying opinions on the nature and extent of feudalism in India, there are several salient features that can be identified:

1. Land Ownership and Control: Feudalism in India revolved around the ownership and control of land. Land was considered the most significant form of wealth and the basis of power. The ruling class, consisting of kings, landlords, and feudal lords, owned vast territories of land and exercised control over its distribution and utilization. They granted land to vassals, who in turn provided military service, labor, or other services in exchange.

2. Vassalage and Obligations: The relationship between the ruling elite and the vassals was characterized by vassalage, where vassals pledged loyalty and service to the feudal lords in exchange for land and protection. Vassals owed various obligations to their lords, such as military service, providing a portion of their produce as rent, and performing other duties as required. This system created a hierarchical structure where power and authority trickled down from the top to the lower classes.

3. Agrarian Economy: Indian feudalism was predominantly agrarian, with agriculture being the main occupation of the majority of the population. The feudal lords controlled the land and exploited the agricultural produce of the peasants, who worked as serfs or tenants. Peasants were often subjected to oppressive ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ ______.
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