Which nutrients are of considerable importance during the following stages and why?

i) Adolescence

ii) Pregnancy

iii) Preschool

i. Adolescence 

The Institute of Medicine recommends higher intakes of protein and energy in the adolescent population for growth. For most micronutrients, recommendations are the same as for adults. Exceptions are made for certain minerals needed for bone growth (e.g., calcium and phosphorus). However, these recommendations are controversial, given the lack of evidence that higher intakes are an absolute requirement for bone growth. Evidence is clearer that bone calcium accretion increases as a result of exercise rather than from increases in calcium intake.

Micronutrient needs in adults 19 to 50 years of age differ slightly according to gender. Males require more of vitamins C, K, B 1, B 2, and B 3; choline; magnesium; zinc; chromium; and manganese. Menstruating females require more iron, compared with males of similar age.

ii) pregnacy

Pregnant and lactating women have increased requirements for both macronutrients and micronutrients. The failure to achieve required ____ _________ ____ _____ ____ _________ __________ _____ _______ ________ _____ _________.
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