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Labour market segmentation refers to the division of the labour market into distinct sectors or segments where workers experience different wages, working conditions, opportunities for promotion, job security, and social protection. These divisions are not based solely on skill or productivity but are also influenced by gender, caste, class, race, education, and social norms. In the context of women workers, labour market segmentation explains why women are concentrated in certain occupations such as domestic work, teaching, nursing, garment manufacturing, agriculture, and informal services, while men dominate higher-paying, decision-making, and technical occupations. This segregation often results in unequal earnings, limited career advancement, and greater vulnerability to exploitation. One of the most important theories related to labour market segmentation is the Dual Labour Market Theory. Developed by economists such as Doeringer and Piore, this theory divides the labour market into the primary and secondary sectors. The primary sector offers stable employment, higher wages, career growth, and social security. The secondary sector is characterized by low wages, insecure employment, poor working conditions, and limited opportunities for advancement. Women are disproportionately represented in the secondary labour market because employers often perceive them as temporary workers due to family ____ ________ ______ ______ ______ _______ ______ ___ ____ ___.
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