What is Indus Vally Civilization? Discuss its various characteristics features. 

The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, was one of the world's earliest urban civilizations. It flourished in the region of the Indian subcontinent from approximately 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. The civilization was named after the Indus River, which flows through parts of present-day Pakistan and India, and it extended into parts of modern-day Afghanistan and Iran.

Characteristics Features of the Indus Valley Civilization:

1. Urban Centers: The Indus Valley Civilization is known for its well-planned and sophisticated urban centers. The two most prominent cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, which served as administrative, economic, and cultural hubs. These cities had well-organized street layouts, advanced drainage systems, and multi-story brick buildings.

2. Advanced Urban Planning: The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization were carefully planned with a grid-like pattern of streets and alleys. The well-designed urban infrastructure indicates a high level of urban planning and governance.

3. Trade and Commerce: The civilization was engaged in extensive trade with regions as far as Mesopotamia and Central Asia. Archaeological evidence, including seals and artifacts, suggests a well-established trade network.

4. Writing System: The Indus Valley Civilization had a script that remains undeciphered to this day. Archaeologists have found numerous examples of inscriptions on seals and pottery, but the exact nature and content of the script remain a mystery.

5. Art and Craftsmanship: The civilization produced a wide range of art and craft items, including pottery, figurines, beads, and metalwork. The art often depicted animals, human figures, and stylized motifs.

6. Agriculture and Irrigation: The Indus Valley people practiced advanced agricultural techniques, including the use ________ _________ ______ ______ _________.
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