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The Mesolithic period in India, broadly dated between 10,000 BCE to 2,000 BCE, represents a transitional phase between the Upper Palaeolithic and the Neolithic periods. It is marked by notable changes in tool technology, subsistence strategies, habitation patterns, and social organization. The term "Mesolithic" is derived from Greek—'mesos' meaning middle and 'lithos' meaning stone—indicating a stage characterized by microlithic tools, semi-sedentary life, and a shift towards early food production. Archaeological Anthropology provides vital insights into the Mesolithic cultures of India through material remains such as microliths, faunal and floral assemblages, burials, rock art, and evidence of habitation. One of the defining features of the Mesolithic period in India is the use of microliths. These are small stone tools, often made of chert, chalcedony, jasper, and quartz, that were typically less than 5 cm in size. These microliths were geometrically shaped—triangles, trapezes, lunates—and were often mounted on wooden or bone shafts to form composite tools. The advancement in tool-making technology suggests increasing sophistication and adaptability to changing environmental conditions following the end of the last Ice Age. The Mesolithic people of India primarily practiced a hunter-gatherer mode of subsistence, but there is growing archaeological evidence indicating a gradual transition towards food production. They hunted wild animals, fished, and gathered fruits, seeds, nuts, and tubers. In some sites, such as Bagor (Rajasthan) and Langhnaj (Gujarat), faunal remains suggest the domestication of animals like cattle, sheep, and goats. This indicates a shift from pure foraging to incipient pastoralism, laying the groundwork for the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Habitations during the Mesolithic period also underwent significant changes. The Mesolithic people were _____ _____ _________ _____ _____ _________ _____ ___.
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