What is causation? Discuss the manner in which historians use causation to explain any historical phenomenon.

Causation is the "causal relationship between the defendant's conduct and end result". In other words, causation provides a means of connecting conduct with a resulting effect, typically an injury. In criminal law, it is defined as the actus reus (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with mens rea (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt. Causation only applies where a result has been achieved and therefore is immaterial with regard to inchoate offenses.

Historiography consists of giving answers to three different types of questions: what-, howand why-questions. (Stanford 1998, 128-129, Stone 1979, 5) The first group is concerned with what we make of events in the past. They consider the question whether a certain predicate is applicable to a certain historical event, person or situation. Historians have wondered, for example, whether or not the French Revolution was a radical break with the ancient régime, or whether François Rabelais could or could not be considered to have been an atheist. This type of enquiry, however, does not (at least not directly) involve any kind of causal statements, so I will not treat it any further here. The two other types of enquiries, the how- and what-questions, do require “causal” statements as their answers. I put the term “causal” between inverted commas, because there is an essential difference in _____ ___ ____ ________ _________ ________ ___.
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