What is an exception? Explain various causes of exceptions. Explain how create user defined exceptions in Java.

In object-oriented programming with Java, an exception refers to an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program's instructions during execution. When an exceptional condition arises, Java generates an object to represent that condition, known as an exception object. This object contains information about the error, such as its type and location within the code. Handling exceptions allows programmers to gracefully manage unexpected situations and prevent abrupt termination of the program.

### Causes of Exceptions:

Exceptions in Java can occur due to various reasons:

1. Runtime Errors: These occur during the execution of the program. Examples include division by zero, accessing an index outside the bounds of an array, or attempting to use a null reference.

2. Logic Errors: These stem from flaws in the design or implementation of the code. They don't cause exceptions directly but lead to incorrect behavior. For instance, ____ _____ _____ ___ _____ __________ ______ ___ __________ _________.
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