What is a gendering organization? Explain

The study of ‘‘gendered organizations’’ as a distinct area of scholarly inquiry has developed over the last 15 years in an effort to explain such inequality. The concept, coined by Joan Acker, means that ‘‘advantage and disadvantage, exploitation and control, action and emotion, meaning and identity, are patterned through and in terms of a distinction between male and female, masculine and feminine’’ (Acker 1990:146). Although relatively new, this field has roots in second wave and radical feminist scholarship dating back at least to the 1960s. Scholars began merging gender studies with organizational literature in an effort to render visible women’s experiences, place men’s experiences in a gendered context (rather than a universal experience shared by all), and identify the ways in which gender inequality is (re)created and maintained over time.

Early work by Heidi Hartmann, Rosabeth Moss Kanter, Catharine MacKinnon, and Kathy Ferguson revealed organizational dynamics that produce gender specific outcomes, which disadvantage women and advantage men. For example, Kanter’s classic study, Men and Women of the Corporation (1977), demonstrates how one’s structural position within a firm (e.g., the job one holds in the hierarchy) determines one’s ‘‘success,’’ defined in terms of career mobility, authority, and power. One’s job also affects one’s personality, behavior, and aspirations, such as women acting timid. Thus, women’s disadvantaged location stems from being disproportionately concentrated and ‘‘stuck’’ in positions with limited power and short to nonexistent career ladders. One of the primary strengths of Kanter’s work lies in the shift from individual level behavior of men and women to a structural explanation of gender inequality. Although Kanter provides mechanisms for how, once in place, gender inequality is maintained through occupational sex segregation, she neglects to explain the origins of segregation that leads to an array of unequal work rewards.

Turning to Marxist feminist scholars such as Heidi Hartmann helps find an explication of the origins of gender segregation and its consequences. According to Hartmann, capitalism and patriarchy are separate but interlocking systems that work in concert to structure social organization. (Hartmann defines patriarchy as a set of social relations with a material base, where hierarchical relations between men and solidarity among them enable men to control women.) Specifically, she contends that capitalism and patriarchy operate to subordinate women as individuals and as a collective group through various modes of production, the gendered division of labor, and subsequent sex segregation. Therefore, according to this perspective, patriarchy proceeds yet interacts with capitalism so that women enter the wage labor market at a disadvantage, and men’s actions maintain women’s subordinate position while protecting their own privileges. Hartmann’s theory acknowledges the interconnections between gender and other institutions. She also shows that men’s actions matter in maintaining gender inequality in addition to men and women’s structural positions, thereby making the link between structure and agency explicit. Since Hartmann’s account, feminist scholars have demonstrated the ways in which gender infuses 

our lives through all institutions. Because institutions are intertwined and interdependent, we can use gender as a lens through which to describe and understand people’s experiences within them.

Joan Acker argues that despite such advances in gender theorizing, conceptions of institutions __________ ____ ______ _____ _______ _________ ___ ______ ______.
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