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The number of modes that can propagate in an optical fiber is determined by the fiber’s physical dimensions, its refractive index structure, and the wavelength of light used. The most important parameter combining these effects is the normalized frequency or V-number, defined by ( V = \frac{2\pi a}{\lambda},\text{NA} ), where (a) ___ ______ _________ _____ _____ ______ _________ ____.
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