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The term commercialization of agriculture in colonial India refers to the transformation of the agrarian economy from subsistence farming, primarily meant for local consumption, to production oriented towards the market, with the primary aim of selling crops for profit. This shift took place under the influence of British colonial policies during the mid-18th to mid-19th century and was driven by the needs of the British industrial economy, which required raw materials for its industries and markets for its finished products. Commercialization of agriculture in this context meant that Indian farmers increasingly grew crops not for their own subsistence or local food needs but for export and trade, often under conditions dictated by colonial authorities and European merchants. Before the advent of British colonial rule, Indian agriculture was predominantly subsistence-based. Farmers produced mainly food grains like rice, wheat, and pulses to feed their families and local communities, with minimal surplus reaching the market. The shift towards commercialization began ______ _______ ______ _______ ____ __________ ____ ________ ____ ____.
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