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The Systems approach is a way of understanding public administration by viewing an organization as a unified and integrated whole rather than as a collection of isolated departments or activities. It considers an administrative organization as an open system that continuously interacts with its external environment. Every part of the organization is interconnected, and the functioning of one part influences the performance of others. This approach emerged prominently in the mid-twentieth century through the works of Ludwig von Bertalanffy, who developed General Systems Theory, and was later applied to public administration by scholars such as Herbert Simon, Chester Barnard, Daniel Katz, Robert Kahn, and David Easton. A system consists of several interrelated components that work together to achieve common objectives. In public administration, these components include personnel, organizational structure, financial resources, technology, rules, communication channels, and management processes. The Systems approach emphasizes that administrative effectiveness depends on the ____ ___ ________ _________ ______ ____ ___ ___ ______ _________.
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