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The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, commonly referred to as PESA, was enacted in 1996 to extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution, which deals with the system of Panchayati Raj, to the Scheduled Areas of India. These areas are predominantly inhabited by tribal communities and have historically been marginalized in terms of governance and development. PESA recognizes the traditional rights of tribal communities over their resources, decision-making processes, and self-governance mechanisms, providing them a legal framework to preserve their cultural, social, and economic autonomy. The Act empowers Gram Sabhas and Panchayats at the village level to play a decisive role in local governance, ensuring that development initiatives are culturally appropriate, participatory, and aligned with the needs of the local population. PESA is distinct from other Panchayati Raj legislation in that it explicitly acknowledges the special status of tribal areas, taking into account their customary practices, traditional institutions, and community-based decision-making systems. The Act was motivated by the recognition that the mere extension of mainstream Panchayati Raj institutions would not be adequate for effective governance in areas where tribal customs and traditional authority structures are strong. By giving statutory recognition to the powers of Gram Sabhas, PESA ensures that the communities themselves have a voice in matters affecting their lives, resources, and development priorities. The Gram Sabha, under PESA, serves as the central unit of local self-governance, comprising all adult members of a village or a _________ ____ ______ ______ _____ _________ _____ ____ _________.
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