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Kerala’s democratic decentralization planning process is widely recognized as a pioneering model in local self-governance and participatory development. Initiated in the 1990s, it sought to shift the planning and implementation of development initiatives from a top-down bureaucratic system to a bottom-up participatory approach, empowering local bodies and communities to have a direct role in decision-making. This approach was formalized through the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments, which strengthened Panchayati Raj institutions and urban local bodies, but Kerala went beyond mere legal provisions by integrating a comprehensive planning and participatory mechanism that became a model for other states and countries. One of the key features of Kerala’s model is the emphasis on people’s participation. The state institutionalized participatory planning through the creation of Grama Sabhas (village assemblies) and ward committees where citizens actively engage in identifying local needs, prioritizing development projects, and monitoring their implementation. Every adult citizen in a village or urban ward has the right to attend these assemblies, express opinions, and vote on proposals, making planning a truly democratic exercise. This approach ensures that development is demand-driven rather than supply-driven, aligning resources with the actual needs of the population. Another notable feature is the integration of development planning with local governance structures. The Panchayati Raj system ________ _______ ______ ________ _________ ___ _______ ______ _______ __________ ____.
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