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The Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996, commonly known as PESA, is a landmark legislation enacted to extend the provisions of Part IX of the Constitution relating to Panchayati Raj to the Scheduled Areas of India, with suitable modifications to safeguard the unique socio-cultural and economic conditions of tribal communities. Scheduled Areas, notified under the Fifth Schedule of the Constitution, are predominantly inhabited by tribal populations whose traditions, customary laws, and community institutions differ from those of the non-tribal regions. PESA emerged as a response to the historical marginalisation of these communities, recognising that participatory self-governance is essential for protecting their rights over land, water, forest, and other natural resources while ensuring development that is culturally appropriate and sustainable. PESA acknowledges the inadequacy of a uniform system of Panchayati Raj for Scheduled Areas and, therefore, mandates that self-governance in these areas must respect local customs, traditional management practices, and community-based decision-making structures. The law is rooted in the philosophy of empowering Gram Sabhas, the assemblies of all adult members of a village, as the fulcrum of governance and development. It gives statutory backing to the idea that tribal people should have control over their own affairs and the resources on which they depend for their livelihood and cultural survival. One of the central features of PESA is the devolution of mandatory powers to the Gram ________ ______ __________ _____ ___ ___ ______ ______ ___ _________.
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