What do you understand by people’s participation in governance and development? In what ways it is better for grassroots development?

The importance of people's participation in governance and development in recent years is highly recognized both by national and  international organizations. , According to Joel and Bhore .

"The essence 'of development is nothing but peoples' participation. There are many components that are involved in development  like money, material, resources, technology, human etc. Of all the social factors, human factors are the crucial elements. People  are the pivot around whom the entire development processes are supposed to revolve." The above statement underlines the importance ofpeoples' participation in development process. Ever since societies have strived todevelop, the met)lods of  development have been widely debated. The early phase of development era emphasized on the Top down approach to development based on trickle down theory. During this phase, the emphasis was on planning at the top with focus on achieving  higher growth rate. This approach was based on the premise that centralized planning ensures higher growth which automatically  tickles down to grass root level. During 1950s and 1960s - modernisation theories had been so pervasive that it was almost  impossible to separate modernisation from development linked to capitalism and economic growth.

However, the experience gained during this time reflected that these development  strategies were loosing battle against the  poverty and hunger. Even a higher growth ' rate could not ensure equitable growth and disparities in development levels continued to either remain or get wider and wider. Participation as a concept and a strategy of development is an outcome of the profound disillusionment with the established development strategy in post Industrial Revolution period. The experiences of the fifties and  _______ _____ ____ _________ _______ ____ ______.
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