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Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistical measure developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) to assess and compare the overall development of countries beyond just economic growth. Unlike traditional indicators such as Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita, which primarily focus on income, HDI aims to provide a broader perspective on human well-being by incorporating health, education, and living standards. It reflects the capacity of people to lead long and healthy lives, acquire knowledge, and enjoy a decent standard of living, thereby shifting the focus from merely the wealth of a nation to the quality of life of its citizens. The HDI is calculated using three key dimensions: health, education, and standard of living, each measured through specific indicators that together provide a more holistic understanding of human development. Health, the first dimension, is primarily measured by life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy serves as a proxy for the overall health status of a population and the effectiveness of healthcare systems. Higher life expectancy indicates better access to medical care, improved nutrition, sanitation, and a reduced prevalence of diseases. It also reflects the ability of individuals to participate actively in society over a longer period, contributing ______ ____ ___ ________ _________ ______.
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