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Industrial backwardness in India is a multifaceted issue that has its roots in historical, structural, economic, social, and policy-related factors. Understanding these causes requires a close examination of both pre-independence and post-independence periods, as the historical context plays a crucial role in shaping the current industrial landscape. One of the primary historical reasons for industrial backwardness in India is the legacy of colonialism. During British rule, India’s economy was largely transformed to serve the interests of the colonial power, which focused on the extraction of raw materials and the import of finished goods from Britain. Indigenous industries, particularly handicrafts and textile sectors, were systematically undermined, leading to de-industrialization in many regions. This historical disruption created a low base for industrial development that continued to influence the post-independence industrial structure. Another significant cause of industrial backwardness is the inadequacy of infrastructure. Industries require reliable power supply, efficient transport systems, and modern communication networks for smooth operations. In India, especially in rural and semi-urban areas, the lack of ______ _______ ____ _____ _____ _______ _________ _________ __________ __________ ______.
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