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Environmental colonialism refers to the processes through which powerful nations, corporations, or social groups exploit, control, and degrade the environments of less powerful regions and communities, often in ways that mirror the political, economic, and cultural domination characteristic of classical colonialism. It highlights how environmental burdens such as pollution, resource depletion, toxic waste, and ecological risks are disproportionately transferred to marginalized populations, while the benefits of resource extraction and consumption are enjoyed elsewhere. From the perspective of environmental sociology, environmental colonialism is not merely an ecological issue but a deeply social phenomenon rooted in global inequalities, historical power relations, and uneven development. Historically, environmental colonialism can be traced back to the era of European imperial expansion, when colonized territories were viewed primarily as sources of raw materials and cheap labor. Forests were cleared for plantations, minerals were extracted for metropolitan industries, and ecosystems were reshaped to serve colonial economic ________ __________ _______ _________ _____ ______ ____.
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