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The relationship between modernity and nature has been a central concern of environmental sociology, as it explores how the processes of modernization, industrialization, and technological development influence the natural world and how societies perceive and interact with it. Modernity, characterized by rapid scientific progress, urbanization, industrial production, and rationalization, has significantly reshaped human-environment interactions. Environmental sociologists argue that modernity produces both profound opportunities for understanding and managing nature, and severe ecological crises, highlighting a paradoxical relationship between human advancement and environmental sustainability. One of the foundational frameworks for understanding this relationship is the concept of the “human-nature dualism,” which emerged prominently during the Enlightenment and became central to modernity. Modernity often conceptualizes nature as an object to be controlled, studied, and exploited for human benefit. This perspective sees nature primarily through the lens of utility and productivity, emphasizing economic growth and technological mastery over ecological limits. The industrial revolution exemplifies this approach, transforming landscapes, water systems, forests, and biodiversity to serve industrial and urban needs. While these ________ _________ _________ ___ _____ _______.
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