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The presumption of innocence is a foundational principle of criminal law which asserts that an accused person is considered innocent until proven guilty. This doctrine places the burden of proof on the prosecution and ensures that no one is wrongfully punished without sufficient evidence establishing guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The idea is rooted in the protection of human rights and dignity, safeguarding individuals from arbitrary arrests, wrongful convictions, and abuse of state power. It represents one of the most important pillars of fair trial standards and has been recognized universally in various international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 11) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 14). In the context of criminal justice, it not only shapes legal procedures but also determines the ethical standards of how the state interacts with its citizens. The rationale behind the principle lies in the understanding that the consequences of convicting an innocent person are far more severe than acquitting a guilty one. This approach emphasizes restraint on the part of the judiciary and prosecution, compelling them to build their case on substantive evidence rather than suspicion, prejudice, or conjecture. It further ensures that the accused is given a fair chance to defend themselves, thereby _____ _____ _______ __________ ________ ________ _____ ____ ___ _______ _____.
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