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Merton’s Strain Theory, developed by sociologist Robert K. Merton, provides a structural explanation of deviance and criminal behavior, particularly emphasizing the disjunction between culturally approved goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve them. Merton argued that in all societies, there are culturally defined goals that people are encouraged to aspire to, such as wealth, success, or social prestige. Simultaneously, societies also provide socially approved means to achieve these goals, such as education, employment, and hard work. However, when access to these legitimate means is unevenly distributed due to structural inequalities, individuals experience “strain” or “anomie,” which can lead to deviant behavior as alternative ways of achieving success are sought. In the Indian context, the relevance of Merton’s Strain Theory becomes evident when examining structural disparities such as caste-based discrimination, poverty, corruption, and unequal educational and economic opportunities. These systemic barriers often create frustration and social strain among marginalized groups who are socialized to pursue success but lack access to legitimate avenues for its attainment. Merton identified five “modes of individual adaptation” to this strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion, each of which can be illustrated within the Indian socio-cultural and criminal justice landscape. Conformity represents adherence to both societal goals and the approved means of achieving them. Most individuals in society fall into this category, despite structural inequalities. In India, conformity _______ ________ _______ ________ _______ ________ _________ _______ ________ ______.
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