What are the symptoms of heat in cows and buffaloes? Describe artificial insemination (AI). Also give its advantages.

The animals should be watched carefully for heat symptoms for half an hour atleast in the morning (5-7 AM) and evening (between 8-10 PM). The common heat symptoms in dairy animals are mounting behavior, mucus discharge from genitalia, restlessness, swelling of vulva, loss of appetite, bellowing, frequent urination and fall in milk yield.

Heat/oestrus/estrus is the period of intense sexual urge or sexual excitement experienced by female mammals. However, some females do not exhibit outward signs of heat, are called shy breeders (silent heat). Such cases can be detected by use of teaser bull.

Adequate heat detection is one of the major factors limiting reproductive performance in many herds:

1. When heats are not detected and cows are therefore not bred, calving intervals are extended, resulting in lower lifetime milk production and fewer calves produced.

2. Conception rates are depressed when cows not suitable for insemination are presented for breeding, causing loss of valuable semen.

3. The combination of unrecognized oestrus and low conception rates may lead to premature culling of normal cows, before peak production levels and efficiency are achieved.

4. Insemination of pregnant cows mistakenly identified in oestrus may cause abortion.

Artificial insemination provides an opportunity for rapid genetic progress in a herd, but it also places the responsibility for heat detection on farm personnel. Increase in herd size and the introduction of automated equipment—the number of cows receive less attention. Estrus detection thus becomes a factor which limits reproductive performance in many herds, thereby limiting productivity and profitability.

To evaluate heat detection performance in herd, we need to make adequate identification of cows, keep good, records of all heats, and regular veterinary examinations. However, some estimate of heat detection efficiency can be obtained if records of all breeding are maintained. For this we need to compare heat detection indexes with target indexes of other herds.

Heat Detection Indexes 

1. Production of Cows in Heat by 60 Days after Calving:

This should be 85 per cent or better. Some herds consistently detect over 90 per cent of cows in _________ _________ ___ ______ ____ _________ __________ ________ ______ __________.
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