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Small ruminants, primarily sheep and goats, play a crucial role in rural livelihoods and local economies, providing meat, milk, wool, skin, and manure. Despite their importance, they often face multiple welfare challenges, particularly in smallholder systems, extensive grazing, and marginal farming areas. Welfare issues in small ruminants arise from inadequate housing, poor nutrition, limited healthcare access, improper breeding practices, and rough handling. These issues not only impact animal well-being but also reduce productivity and economic returns for farmers. Housing: Proper housing is a cornerstone of small ruminant welfare. Many small ruminants are kept in open fields or simple sheds, exposing them to extreme temperatures, precipitation, and predators. Minimum welfare standards require a shelter that protects animals from harsh weather, offers good ventilation, and provides adequate space to allow free movement. Each animal should have sufficient lying area; for sheep and goats, approximately 0.5–1.0 square meters per animal is recommended. Housing floors should be dry, non-slippery, and easy to clean to prevent foot diseases. Good practices include using raised platforms or slatted floors to reduce dampness, providing separate _________ ____ ________ ________ __________.
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