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Working animals like equines (horses, donkeys, and mules), camels, bullocks, and elephants have historically been integral to human livelihoods, particularly in agriculture, transport, and tourism sectors. Ensuring their welfare is not only an ethical responsibility but also directly impacts their productivity, longevity, and economic contribution to communities. Proper animal welfare practices enhance efficiency, reduce the incidence of injuries, and safeguard the livelihoods of people dependent on these animals. Internationally, organizations such as the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE), FAO, and national authorities provide guidelines and minimum standards for the care of working animals, focusing on housing, feeding, healthcare, load management, and handling. Minimum Standards of Care for Working Equines and Camels Housing and Shelter: Working equines and camels require shelters that protect them from extreme weather conditions, including sun, rain, and cold. The shelter should be well-ventilated, dry, and spacious enough to allow the animal to move freely, lie down, and stretch. Flooring should minimize the risk of injuries, so compacted dirt, straw bedding, or rubber mats are recommended. Overcrowding should be avoided, and shelters should be cleaned regularly to prevent the buildup of waste and parasites. Feeding and Watering: Adequate nutrition is critical for maintaining the health and work capacity of equines and camels. They require a balanced diet consisting of roughage (hay, straw, ____ _____ ________ __________ ___ ____ ___ ____ __________ _______.
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