What are the sources of contamination of Milk? Describe the measures for the clean milk production?

Milk contamination can occur at various stages of production, processing, and distribution, leading to serious health risks for consumers and economic losses for producers. Understanding the sources of contamination and implementing effective measures for clean milk production are crucial for ensuring milk quality and safety.

One primary source of milk contamination is the environment in which cows are raised. Bacteria can be introduced through fecal matter, contaminated water, and feed. Poor sanitation in the milking environment, such as dirty milking equipment, stalls, and handling practices, can lead to the introduction of pathogens into the milk. Common contaminants include bacteria such as *Escherichia coli*, *Salmonella*, *Listeria*, and __________ _________ ___ ___ ___ __________.
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