What are the questions that determine the various infringement issues of any valid patent? Elaborate with cases.

The determination of patent infringement involves several key questions, which are essential in establishing whether a particular act or product infringes upon a valid patent. Under Indian Patent Law, the fundamental elements to consider are the scope of the patent claims, the alleged infringing product or process, and whether there is any infringement under the principles outlined in the Patents Act, 1970. Infringement issues are determined through a series of legal and factual questions that need to be answered to resolve disputes.

### 1. Is the Patent Valid?
The first crucial question in any infringement dispute is whether the patent in question is valid. A valid patent provides the right-holder exclusive rights over the invention, and its infringement can result in legal consequences. However, if the patent is found to be invalid, no infringement can occur. A patent can be invalidated on several grounds, including lack of novelty, lack of inventive step (non-obviousness), and insufficient disclosure. 

For example, in the case of *Novartis AG v. Union of India* (2013), the Supreme Court of India ruled that Novartis’ cancer drug, Glivec, did not meet the patentability requirement of "novelty" and "inventive step" under Section 3(d) of the Patents Act, 1970. This decision highlighted that even though the product was patented, it was not considered valid in terms of Indian patent law, and thus no infringement _____ ____ _____ ______ __________ ________ ______ ________.
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