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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), adopted by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, provide a comprehensive framework for improving health and strengthening healthcare systems. Health is both a fundamental human right and an essential component of sustainable development. Although SDG 3, “Good Health and Well-being,” is specifically devoted to health, several other goals, including those related to poverty, nutrition, education, gender equality, water and sanitation, employment, environment and inequality, have direct implications for population health. From an epidemiological and public health perspective, the SDGs emphasize prevention, health promotion, universal access, equity, strong health systems and action on the social determinants of health. A major provision of the SDGs is the achievement of universal health coverage (UHC), which is central to strengthening healthcare systems. UHC means that all individuals and communities should receive the promotive, preventive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative health services they need without suffering financial hardship. SDG target 3.8 specifically calls for universal health coverage, including access to quality essential healthcare services, medicines and vaccines. Strong primary healthcare, adequate health infrastructure, trained health personnel and effective referral systems are necessary for achieving this objective. UHC also reduces inequalities because economically disadvantaged populations can access essential services without being pushed into poverty by medical expenses. The SDGs give considerable importance to strengthening primary healthcare. Primary healthcare is the foundation of an effective public health system because it provides accessible and affordable services close to communities. Maternal and child health services, immunization, screening, treatment of common diseases, health education, family planning and management of chronic diseases can be delivered effectively through primary healthcare. A strong primary healthcare system also supports early detection and control of disease outbreaks, thereby reducing morbidity and mortality. SDG 3 includes provisions for reducing maternal mortality and preventable deaths among newborns and children. Target 3.1 aims to reduce the global maternal mortality ratio, while target 3.2 focuses on ending preventable deaths of newborns and children under five years of age. Strengthening antenatal care, skilled ____ ____ _____ _______ _____ ___ ____ ______ ______ _________ ___.
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