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Model organisms are species that are extensively studied to understand particular biological processes, with the expectation that discoveries made in these organisms will provide insight into the workings of other species, including humans. They serve as representatives for larger groups of organisms and allow scientists to explore genetics, development, physiology, and evolution in a controlled and practical way. The choice of a model organism is often guided by practical considerations such as ease of maintenance, short generation times, and genetic tractability, as well as their relevance to the biological questions under investigation. In genetics and evolutionary biology, model organisms have been instrumental in revealing fundamental principles of inheritance, gene function, mutation effects, and evolutionary relationships among ______ __________ ___ __________ _________ _____ _______ _____ _________ _________ __________ _______.
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