What are gender adversaries? What measures should be taken for engendering gender development?

Gender adversaries are of two types -

i)missing women

ii) violence against wome

1 Missing Women

‘Missing women’ reflect the gender disparities of any society. The hi gherper for  ming gender is favoured, whereas the gender with low performance is neglected. This leads to further additions to the missing women. Discriminationagainst women can begin early in life. Parental selection, female infanticide orabandonment, childhood sexual exploitation, genital mutilation, and limited access to adequate nutrition and health care; all affect the number of girls, in some parts of the world who survive into adulthood. These factors combined

with limited access to education, early marriage and early child-bearing affectthe health and wellbeing of girls, and can have lasting effects throughout theirlives. Some of the causes of missing women are

• patrilocal exogamy
• economic value
• patriarchal society
• poverty

Patrilocal exogamy: whereby sons remain with the origin or parental householdand contribute to joint income, while daughters migrate from their householdsto move into their husband’s parental household. Investment in sons, in terms ofeducation and share in property, seems to pay off, whereas investment in girls isseen as wasteful expenditure.

Economic Value: although women do the majority of work, they do not shareequally in income, earnings and wealth. Discrimination against women inearnings, employment, access to credit and capital accumulation mechanism,and private social benefit systems also affects the economic wellbeing of theirchildren and other house hold members.

Patriarchal Society: one important reason for declining sex ratio is a patriarchalsociety. The desire for male heirs of property is another reason for discriminationagainst daughters.Poverty: the situation of women becomes worse for those living in poverty. Thedisproportionate burden of family limits access to education, training andparticipation in paid employment. Women are forced to enter in for malun or ganised employment, thus, leading to exploitation - economically, physically and mentally.

Declining sex ratio:The declining sex-ratio is one of the reasons of which foeticide is a cause of concern. Many girl children are missing before they are born. The sex ratio of Northern Indian States of Punjab and Haryana is low as compared to Southern Indian State. The sex ratio of Kerala is 1058, the highest in India (Table 7). The all India sex ratio for 1991 is 927 which increased to 933in 2001. 

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