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Urban livelihood concerns have become one of the most pressing issues in the context of rapid urbanization and the growing demand for sustainable development. Cities are not just centres of economic activity but also spaces where people seek better opportunities for living, working, and accessing basic services. However, the challenges of unemployment, underemployment, informal labour, poor housing, lack of social security, and environmental degradation have made urban livelihoods precarious. As urban populations continue to expand, particularly in developing countries, it becomes essential to understand the different livelihood concerns faced by urban residents and to frame strategies that ensure sustainability, inclusiveness, and resilience in urban economies. Sustainable livelihoods in smart cities must integrate economic, social, and environmental dimensions, ensuring that growth does not come at the cost of equity or ecological balance. Urban livelihood concerns primarily stem from the complex and often unequal structure of cities. One of the most significant issues is the dominance of informal employment. In many developing countries, a majority of urban workers are employed in the informal sector—engaged as street vendors, domestic helpers, construction labourers, or small-scale entrepreneurs. These jobs are typically characterized by low wages, lack of job security, absence of social protection, and unsafe working conditions. The informal sector is often excluded from urban planning, making workers vulnerable to eviction, harassment, and exploitation. Additionally, the lack of access to credit, technology, and markets further limits their ability to grow economically. Another major concern is unemployment and underemployment. As cities expand, the demand for jobs far exceeds the supply of decent work opportunities. Migrants from rural areas, who move to cities in search of better livelihoods, often end up in low-paying and unstable jobs. The mismatch between skills and employment opportunities also contributes to underemployment. Many youth and educated individuals struggle to find suitable work that matches their qualifications, leading to frustration and loss of productivity. Furthermore, the increasing automation and digitalization of industries in smart cities pose additional _________ ________ _____ ________ ___ _________ _________ _______.
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