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Globalization refers to the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence among countries through the exchange of goods, services, information, ideas, and culture across international borders. It signifies the integration of national economies into a global economy driven by technological progress, liberalized trade policies, and the expansion of global communication networks. In the modern era, globalization has transformed the way societies function, influencing economic structures, political systems, and cultural identities. In the context of sustainable development and smart cities, globalization plays a dual role—it acts as a driver of innovation and progress, while simultaneously posing challenges related to environmental degradation, social inequality, and cultural homogenization. The enhanced pace of globalization can be attributed to several interrelated factors. One of the most significant reasons is technological advancement. The development of information and communication technologies, particularly the internet, mobile communication, and digital platforms, has revolutionized global connectivity. Businesses can operate across continents, governments can coordinate policies internationally, and individuals can exchange ideas instantaneously. Transportation innovations, such as faster air travel and efficient logistics systems, have further reduced physical barriers, making global trade and tourism more accessible than ever before. Economic liberalization and trade policies have also accelerated globalization. Many countries have adopted free-market reforms, reduced tariffs, and opened their economies to foreign investment. Institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and World Bank have promoted global economic integration by encouraging international cooperation and providing financial assistance to developing economies. As a result, multinational corporations have expanded their operations globally, creating interconnected supply chains and ________ ____ ______ ________ _________ ___ __________ ________ __________.
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