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Chemical toxicants are harmful chemical substances that can cause adverse effects on living organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms. These substances may occur naturally or be synthesized artificially through industrial, agricultural, or domestic activities. When chemical toxicants enter the environment, they can disrupt biological processes, damage cellular structures, and lead to acute or chronic health problems. Environmental toxicology studies the sources, movement, transformation, and effects of these toxic chemicals in ecosystems and evaluates their risks to living systems. Chemical toxicants include heavy metals, pesticides, industrial solvents, petroleum products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radioactive substances, and persistent organic pollutants. Their toxicity depends on factors such as dose, duration of exposure, route of entry, chemical properties, and susceptibility of the exposed organism. Exposure to chemical toxicants occurs when living organisms come into contact with these harmful substances. Exposure classes describe the ways toxicants enter biological systems and the environmental media through which exposure occurs. The three major environmental exposure classes are air pollutants, water pollutants, and soil pollutants. Each class represents a major pathway ____ ________ ____ _______ ____ ____.
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