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Toxicants can enter the human body through various exposure routes, each of which plays a significant role in how they affect the body. These exposure routes include inhalation, ingestion, dermal absorption, and injection, each presenting distinct risks based on the nature of the toxicant and the conditions under which exposure occurs. Inhalation is one of the most common routes of exposure, especially for airborne pollutants, such as industrial chemicals, tobacco smoke, and particulate matter. When toxicants are inhaled, they are absorbed into the lungs and quickly enter the bloodstream. The respiratory system is particularly vulnerable because the lungs have a large surface area, and the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances, is less effective at preventing the absorption of certain airborne toxins. These inhaled substances can reach systemic circulation rapidly, affecting organs like the heart, liver, and kidneys. The lungs are also prone to damage from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants, which may lead to diseases like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or lung cancer. Ingestion is another significant exposure route, occurring when toxicants are consumed through contaminated food, water, or medications. After ingestion, the toxicants pass through the digestive system, where they are absorbed in the stomach and intestines. Once absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to the ____ _____ ____ _____ _________ ____ ___ _______.
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