Urban Climatology

Urban climatology is a branch of climatology that focuses on the study of the climate within urban areas and the interactions between urban environments and the atmosphere. It examines the unique characteristics and modifications of climate patterns caused by urbanization and the associated effects on the urban population, infrastructure, and natural resources.

Urban areas differ significantly from rural areas in terms of land use, surface cover, and the presence of human-made structures. These factors create what is known as the urban heat island (UHI) effect, which refers to the higher temperatures experienced in cities compared to their surrounding rural areas. The UHI effect is primarily caused by the replacement of vegetation and natural surfaces with __________ _____ _________ ______ ____ _____ ____ ____ ___ ________.
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