Two energy levels of an atomic system are separated by energy corresponding to frequency 3.0 × 10¹⁴ Hz. Assume that all atoms are in one or the other of these two energy levels, compute the fraction of atoms in the upper energy level at temperature 400 K. Take k_B = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ JK⁻¹ and h = 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ Js.
In an atomic system having only two energy levels, the population of atoms in each level at thermal equilibrium is governed by the Boltzmann distribution. The separation between the two energy levels is given in terms of the corresponding radiation frequency as 3.0 × 10¹⁴ Hz. The energy difference between the upper and lower levels is therefore obtained using the Planck relation ΔE = hν. Substituting the given values of Planck’s constant and frequency, the energy separation becomes ΔE = (6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ Js) × (3.0 × 10¹⁴ Hz) = 1.98 × 10⁻¹⁹ J. At a temperature of 400 K, the thermal _____ ________ ___ _________ ____ ____.
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The refractive indices of the core and cladding materials of an optical fibre are 1.51 and 1.39, respectively. Calculate the numerical aperture and light gathering capacity of the fibre.
A plane light wave of wavelength 580 nm falls on a long narrow slit of width 0.5 mm. (i) Calculate the angles of diffraction for the first two minima. (ii) How are these angles influenced if the width of slit is changed to 0.2 mm? (iii) If a convex lens of focal length 0.15 m is now placed after the slit, calculate the separation between the second minima on either side of the central maximum.
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तथा
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Two energy levels of an atomic system are separated by energy corresponding to frequency 3.0 × 10¹⁴ Hz. Assume that all atoms are in one or the other of these two energy levels, compute the fraction of atoms in the upper energy level at temperature 400 K. Take k_B = 1.38 × 10⁻²³ JK⁻¹ and h = 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ Js.
दो समतल ध्रुवित लंबवत् प्रकाश तरंगों के अध्यारोपण के फलस्वरूप उत्पन्न दीर्घवृत्तीय ध्रुवित प्रकाश के लिए व्यंजक प्राप्त करें। सिद्ध करें कि समतल ध्रुवित प्रकाश तथा वृत्तीय ध्रुवित प्रकाश, दीर्घवृत्तीय ध्रुवित प्रकाश की विशेष स्थितियां हैं।