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The concept of the "tragedy of the commons," originally articulated by ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968, describes a situation where individuals, acting independently and rationally according to their self-interest, deplete shared resources even when it is clear that it is not in anyone’s long-term interest for this to happen. While this idea was initially developed in environmental and ecological contexts, it can be effectively applied to gender and development issues as it provides a critical framework to understand how collective resources, responsibilities, and opportunities are often unequally accessed or exploited in gendered ways. In the context of gender and development, the tragedy of the commons metaphor helps us analyze how public resources, unpaid labor, and communal roles — especially those related to women — are overused, undervalued, or ignored, leading to long-term systemic inequalities. The burden of care work, domestic labor, community engagement, and social reproduction often falls disproportionately on women, creating a gendered "commons" that is systematically exploited without adequate recognition or compensation. A key area where the tragedy of the commons appears in gender and development discourse is in unpaid care work. Women globally perform a majority of unpaid care responsibilities — such as childcare, elder care, cooking, cleaning, and emotional support — which are essential for the functioning of households and economies but are rarely acknowledged in economic systems or policy-making. These care responsibilities form a “commons” of labor that society depends on but does _________ ________ ________ ________ _____ ________ ______ ________ __________ _____.
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