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Trade unions have historically played a significant role in protecting workers’ rights, improving working conditions, negotiating wages, and ensuring social justice in industrial relations. However, the changing nature of employment has created an identity crisis for traditional trade unions. The rise of platform work, contractual employment, artificial intelligence, automation, and flexible labour markets has challenged the conventional understanding of workers, workplaces, and collective representation. Trade unions that were designed primarily for permanent, factory-based employees now face difficulties in representing a workforce that is increasingly fragmented, digitally connected, and employed through non-traditional arrangements. Platform work has transformed the employment relationship by introducing digital platforms that connect workers with customers through algorithms. Workers in sectors such as ride-sharing, food delivery, online freelancing, and digital services often operate as independent contractors rather than formal employees. This classification creates challenges for trade unions because many platform workers lack traditional employment rights such as job security, minimum wages, social security benefits, and collective bargaining opportunities. The absence of a clearly defined employer-employee relationship weakens traditional union strategies and raises questions about how collective representation can be organised in platform-based economies. Contractual _________ __________ _______ __________ _______.
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