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Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is one of the most ambitious and transformative rural development programmes launched in India, which aimed at eradicating open defecation and ensuring universal sanitation coverage. It was launched by the Government of India on 2nd October 2014, commemorating the birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi, who always emphasized cleanliness as a part of personal and social discipline. The programme was conceived as a nationwide movement to achieve a "Clean India" by the 150th birth anniversary of Gandhi in 2019. In rural India, this mission took the form of Swachh Bharat Mission (Gramin), which became a mass movement to bring behavioral change, improve sanitation infrastructure, and strengthen the quality of life in villages. The programme was a successor to the earlier Total Sanitation Campaign (1999) and Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan (2012), but it went beyond them in scale, political commitment, financial allocation, and community participation. The core objective of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in the rural context was to eliminate open defecation, improve solid and liquid waste management, and promote hygiene practices to ensure sustainable rural development. One of the primary steps taken under the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was to provide access to individual household latrines (IHHLs). The government set a target of constructing more than 100 million toilets in rural households. Financial incentives were provided to Below Poverty Line (BPL) and other identified households to build toilets. The cost-sharing model involved both central and state governments, along with beneficiary contributions in some cases. This initiative directly contributed to improving rural sanitation infrastructure, which had been a chronic deficiency in many parts of India. Another important step was the introduction of the concept of Open Defecation Free (ODF) villages. States and districts were encouraged to achieve ODF status by mobilizing communities, constructing toilets, and ensuring their usage. ODF status was not merely about the physical availability of toilets but also about behavior change and sustained _______ ____ _____ _______ ________ ________ ________ __________ __________ ____ __________ ________.
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