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The social morphology of rural settlements in India refers to the social structure, organization, and spatial arrangement of people within villages. It explains how social institutions, caste, religion, kinship, occupation, and cultural traditions shape the internal pattern of rural settlements. Unlike urban areas, rural settlements are deeply influenced by historical, cultural, and socio-economic factors, making their social morphology highly diverse across different regions of India. One of the most significant features of the social morphology of Indian rural settlements is the caste system. Traditionally, villages were organized according to caste hierarchy, with different caste groups occupying separate residential areas. Upper castes generally lived in the central and better-developed parts of the village, while Scheduled Castes and other marginalized communities often resided on the outskirts. This segregation reflected social status, occupational specialization, and traditional customs. Although legal reforms and modernization _______ _________ ___ _______ ______ _____ ____ __________ ________ _____ ________.
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