Read the following passage and answer the given questions.
‘A great mass’ of something means a great amount. When the new method of
manufacturing articles in great numbers was introduced, a new name was wanted for it and
‘Mass production’ was the one that came into use.
In what ways does mass production differ from the older methods of manufacture?
Formerly a craftsman, or skilled workman, often made the whole of an article himself by
hand. He put into his work all his skill, all his experience. He was proud of the fruits of
his labour. His reputation, his standing among his fellows, depended on his skill and on
his character. He would have been ashamed if any serious fault had appeared in his work.
He was envied and admired by fellow-craftsmen whose skill was not equal to his own.
Articles made in this way could not be mass-produced. Each article differed slightly from
the others; in every one there was something of the maker’s individuality. The finished
article was sold at a high price, the price representing the time and the skill of the
craftsman who had made it.
Many such articles, made long ago with loving care, possess a quality and a beauty that
mass-produced goods cannot equal. The wonderful pottery of ancient China, the lovely
carpets of Persia, the engraved sword of Damascus, the silver-ware of the Middle Ages _
all these things show the individual craftsmanship of their long-dead makers.
These articles were made for the rich and for those who were moderately well off. The
poorer classes could not hope to possess works of art. Their household utensils, their
clothes and their farm tools were roughly and cheaply made, though very practical in
serving the purposes for which they were designed. [Mass Production by G. C. Thornley]
a) How did the term ‘mass production’ come into use? 
b) Why are handmade articles dearer than mass-produced goods? 
c) Enumerate the qualities of a craftsman in older times. 
d) Give a suitable title to the passage. 

(a) Mass production involves making many copies of products, very quickly, using assembly line techniques to send partially complete products to workers who each work on an individual step, rather than having a worker work on a whole product from start to finish.

Mass production of fluid matter typically involves pipes with centrifugal pumps or screw conveyors (augers) to transfer raw materials or partially complete products between vessels. Fluid flow processes such as oil refining and bulk materials such as wood chips and pulp are automated using a system of process control which uses various instruments to measure variables such as temperature, pressure, volumetric and level, providing feedback man

Bulk materials such as coal, ores, grains and wood chips are handled by belt, chain, slat, pneumatic or screw conveyors, bucket elevators and mobile equipment such as front-end loaders. Materials on pallets are handled with forklifts. Also used for handling heavy _________ _______ ____ ______ _____ _______ __________ ________ ____ _______.
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