Plant defense mechanisms.

Plants have evolved several defense mechanisms to protect themselves from herbivores, pathogens, and environmental stress. These mechanisms can be broadly classified into two types: physical and chemical.

Physical defenses include structural barriers like the thick cell walls, waxy cuticle, and trichomes (hair-like structures) that can deter herbivory. Some plants have specialized structures like spines or thorns to protect against _______ _______ _______ _____ _____ ______ ________ _______ ______.
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