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In research methodology, a null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant relationship, difference, or effect between the variables being studied. It is represented by the symbol H₀ and serves as a starting point for statistical testing. The null hypothesis does not suggest that there is no change in an absolute sense; rather, it states that any observed difference or relationship in the sample data is due to chance and not because of any actual effect in the population. The concept of the null hypothesis is an essential part of _______ _____ __________ ______ ___ _____ ________ ___ _____ ____.
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