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The observation method is an important method of data collection in research, particularly when the researcher needs to study behaviour, activities, interactions, or events as they occur naturally. In this method, the researcher systematically watches and records the behaviour or phenomena under investigation. Unlike interviews and questionnaires, observation does not depend entirely on the respondent’s ability or willingness to report information. It can therefore provide direct and relatively immediate information about actual behaviour. Effective observation requires careful planning before data collection begins. The first step is to clearly define the research problem and objectives. The researcher must determine exactly what is to be observed and why it is relevant to the study. The units of observation, such as individuals, groups, activities, events, or interactions, should be identified. The researcher should also decide the setting, duration, frequency, and timing ____ _________ ______ __________ _____ ________.
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